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Whether you're writing a novel, short story, or screenplay, understanding the roles of the protagonist and antagonist is essential to crafting a compelling narrative. These two forces—often mistakenly simplified as “hero” and “villain”—are what bring your story to life and drive the emotional and dramatic tension that keeps readers turning the page.
In this guide, we’ll explore:
- What a protagonist is (and isn’t)
- What defines an antagonist
- The difference between an antagonist and a villain
- Examples and tips to strengthen your storytelling
Let’s dive into the building blocks of character-driven fiction.
Why Characters Matter More Than You Think
Before we look at protagonists and antagonists individually, let’s get one thing clear: characters are the heart of your story. Yes, your plot, setting, and theme all matter—but none of them work without characters to give them purpose.
Characters don't always have to be human. They can be:
- People: The most common choice
- Animals: As in White Fang or Charlotte’s Web
- Objects or forces: A haunted house, a devastating storm, or even society itself
But among all your characters, two opposing forces will most directly shape your story: the protagonist and the antagonist.
What Is a Protagonist?
Definition:
The protagonist is the main character in a story—the one the plot follows, the one who makes the central decisions, and the one the audience is meant to root for (but not necessarily like).
Etymology:
The word comes from the Greek:
- “Proto” = first
- “Agonistes” = competitor or actor
Together, it means “the first contender” or “the primary player in a conflict.”
Characteristics of a Protagonist:
- Drives the main action of the plot
- Faces major conflicts and obstacles
- Experiences personal growth or change (in most stories)
- Is often the character the audience relates to
Examples:
- Harry Potter in Harry Potter
- Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games
- Michael Corleone in The Godfather (an anti-hero protagonist)
Remember: protagonists are not always noble or good. They simply lead the story.
What Is an Antagonist?
Definition:
The antagonist is the opposing force that creates conflict for the protagonist. This can be a person, a group, a system, an inner struggle, or even nature.
What Makes a Character an Antagonist?
- They create obstacles that hinder the protagonist’s goals
- They fuel the tension and stakes of the story
- They are integral to the plot, even if they only appear briefly
- They may believe they are the hero of their own story
Types of Antagonists:
- External: A rival, villain, or societal force (e.g., Voldemort)
- Internal: Fear, addiction, trauma (e.g., in character-driven dramas)
- Environmental: Natural disasters, isolation, illness
Antagonist vs. Villain: What’s the Difference?
This distinction is often misunderstood. Not every antagonist is a villain—and not every villain is the true antagonist.
Key Differences:
|
Antagonist |
Villain |
|---|---|
|
Opposes the protagonist |
Commits immoral or evil acts |
|
Doesn’t have to be evil |
Almost always morally wrong |
|
Can be a system, idea, or environment |
Usually a character |
|
May believe they're doing the right thing |
Often aware of their wrongdoing |
Example:
In Les Misérables, Inspector Javert is the antagonist. He’s not a villain—he's enforcing the law. Jean Valjean is the protagonist, though he’s a former convict. The moral gray area deepens the story’s emotional complexity.
Can a Story Have Multiple Protagonists or Antagonists?
Absolutely. In ensemble casts, like in Game of Thrones or The Avengers, you may have multiple protagonists. Likewise, antagonists can shift from chapter to chapter—or appear as layered threats.
- Multiple protagonists offer varied perspectives
- Multiple antagonists can intensify conflict and suspense
Why Understanding Protagonists and Antagonists Matters
When you deeply understand these roles, your stories become:
- More structured and emotionally satisfying
- Easier to outline and revise
- Stronger in conflict and pacing
- Richer in character development
Quick Recap: Protagonist vs. Antagonist
|
Element |
Protagonist |
Antagonist |
|---|---|---|
|
Role |
Main character |
Opposes the main character |
|
Drives |
Story’s central action |
Main source of conflict |
|
May be |
Hero, anti-hero, morally gray |
Person, force, system, idea |
|
Goal |
Achieve something significant |
Prevent or challenge that success |
Final Thoughts
If you’re writing fiction, defining your protagonist and antagonist early on will help you build a strong foundation for your plot, conflict, and emotional resonance. Whether you're outlining your first novel or refining your tenth screenplay, these two forces will be at the center of your storytelling universe.
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Do you know the differences between active and passive voice? If you're confused, don't be alarmed. Many authors and writers don't understand the difference. All they've ever been told is - Always write in active voice. The truth is that you need a mix of active and passive voice, but let's take a look at the differences between the two.
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I’ve always loved writing. There’s something magical about the moment when your thoughts flow from your mind to the page—or screen—and they make sense. If you’ve ever dreamed of writing a novel but wonder whether you can compete in a crowded market like Amazon or elsewhere, here’s the truth: yes, you absolutely can.
Every author you admire started in the exact same place you are now: with a blank page, a big dream, and a little bit of doubt. What helped them move forward? Three simple but powerful things:
- A strong subject they were passionate about
- Focused research to build depth and credibility
- A writing rhythm that matched their energy and lifestyle
1. Take Stock of What You Know
The first step is choosing the right subject matter—something that resonates deeply with you.
Ask yourself: What am I most drawn to and why?
- Do you devour romance novels, thrillers, or horror stories? That’s a clue.
- Have you ever thought: “No one ever writes about this the way I see it?” Then it’s time to be that voice.
- What themes or questions keep showing up in your life or conversations?
- Your values and passions are the best place to mine authentic, lasting ideas.
💡 Tip: The best stories are written from the heart. Write what you care about most—not what you think will sell.
Read more: 3 Key Ideas to Help You Start Your Novel and Stay Motivated to Finish It
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As a writer, few things are more frustrating than having a great idea for a story with no way to get it down on the page. While you might have battled writer’s block when you couldn’t come up with any ideas, blank page syndrome is a little different. Blank page syndrome occurs when you already have plans for what you want to write, but your mind seems to just go blank whenever you get ready to type. This can happen for a multitude of reasons, and you can use these tips to work through the issue step by step.
1. Eliminate Distractions
First, take a good look around the room. Is the television on? Can you hear people talking in the other room? If so, try to create a quieter environment, or play some soft music in the background if it helps you write. Then, check your computer screen. Try to shut off down any tabs or apps that distract you from your blank page.
Read more: 8 Tips to Eliminate Blank Page Syndrome When Writing Fiction
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Writer’s block is considered a psychological condition. It is defined by a period of time where a writer does not make any advancements in his or her writing. It can be a complete stop to all writing or a serious slowdown of writing productivity. The condition was first identified and described by Edmund Bergler in 1947. He was a well-known psychiatrist or psychoanalyst, who was living in New York City at the time he discovered and coined this condition.
Understanding Writer’s Block
According to Dictionary.com, Writer’s Block is defined as “a temporary condition in which a writer finds it impossible to proceed with the writing of a novel, play, or other work.” However, writer’s block can be less severe than the cessation of all writing. Instead, it can be characterized as a slowdown in writing productivity. This can be caused by numerous internal and external factors, including:
Read more: 8 Ways to Beat Writer’s Block and Maintain Your Novel Writing Productivity